1.花叶病是一种发生普遍的病毒病，危害逐年加重，除危害苹果外，还危害梨，危害部位主要是果树叶片。田间表现有5种症状。

Mosaic disease is a common viral disease, the harm is increasing year by year, in addition to the harm of apple, but also harm pear, the main part of damage is fruit tree leaves. There were five symptoms in the field.

1)叶片上鲜黄色病斑较大。不规则。发病初期叶片病斑较小，病斑逐渐扩展变白色，在老叶上常发生坏死病斑、病叶多表现为皱缩、扭曲、畸形。近2年常导致落叶。

The yellow spots on the leaves were larger. Irregular. In the early stage of the disease, the leaf lesions were small, and gradually expanded and turned white. Necrotic lesions often occurred on the old leaves, and most of the diseased leaves were wrinkled, twisted and deformed. In recent two years, it often leads to defoliation.

2)叶片上黄色病斑较小，大小不规则，数量多少不等，叶形正常，不造成落叶，对产量无明显影响。

The yellow spots on the leaves were small, irregular in size, different in number, normal in shape, no defoliation, and had no significant effect on the yield.

3)叶片上病斑沿叶脉褪绿黄化，并延至附近叶肉，有时仅主脉和侧脉黄化，叶面似黄色网纹状，叶形正常，不造成落叶。

The diseased spots on the leaves faded green and yellow along the veins and extended to the nearby mesophyll, sometimes only the main veins and lateral veins were yellow, the leaf surface was yellow reticulate, the leaf shape was normal and did not cause defoliation.

4)叶片上病斑形成椭圆形，为鲜黄色环状或近环状斑纹，病叶上表现黄色环斑。近年来在田间发生呈上升趋势，未发现落叶。

The diseased spots on the leaves were oval, with bright yellow ring or near ring markings, and yellow ring markings on the diseased leaves. In recent years, there is an increasing trend in the field, and no fallen leaves are found.

5)病斑沿叶片边缘连同叶缘锯齿状外缘均发生黄化，初发病时叶缘个别锯齿呈黄色，逐渐扩展，使叶缘变成一条很窄的黄色镶边，病叶的其他部分生长正常。

At the beginning of the disease, a few serrations on the leaf edge were yellow and gradually expanded, making the leaf edge into a narrow yellow edge. Other parts of the diseased leaf grew normally.

2.锈果病主要危害果实，近年发生呈上升趋势。

Fruit rust mainly damages fruits, and its occurrence and damage are on the rise in recent years.

锈果病可以通过嫁接传染，潜育期为3~27个月，而病株的汁液、花粉和种子不能传病。结果树发病时，通常先是个别枝条表现症状，经过2~3年才扩展到全树。此外，梨树是苹果锈果病的带毒寄主，外表不表现症状，但可以传病。因此靠近梨园或与梨树混栽的苹果发病较重。不同品种的感病性存在差异，黄龙、黄魁、安乐诺夫卡、黑龙等为高度耐病品种，金冠、祝光、鹤卵、翠玉、英金等为耐病品种，早红玉、红玉、柳玉、玉霰、醇露等为轻度感病品种，红绞、倭锦、印度、红魁、金花、大国光等为中度感病品种，国光、元帅、红星、青香蕉、赤阳、甘露、红海棠等为高感品种。表现症状有5种。

The rust fruit disease can be transmitted by grafting, and the incubation period is 3-27 months, but the sap, pollen and seed of the diseased plant can't. When the fruit tree is diseased, the symptoms of individual branches usually appear first, and then extend to the whole tree after 2-3 years. In addition, pear tree is the host of apple rust, which can transmit the disease though it does not show symptoms. Therefore, apple disease is more serious when it is close to pear garden or mixed with pear trees. Huanglong, Huangkui, anlenofka and Heilong were highly resistant varieties, Jinguan, Zhuguang, Henuan, Cuiyu and Yingjin were resistant varieties, zaohongyu, Hongyu, Liuyu, chunlu were slightly susceptible varieties, Hongjiao, Wojin, Yindu, Hongkui, Jinhua and daguoguang were moderately susceptible varieties, Guoguang, yuanshuai and Hongxing were moderately susceptible varieties Green banana, Chiyang, Ganlu and Red Begonia were highly susceptible varieties. There are five kinds of symptoms.

1)花脸型：近年发生较重的一种，表现为果实着色不均匀，果面留有许多红色和黄绿相间的斑块，使果面呈花脸状。病果在着色前无明显变化，着色后果面上散生很多近圆形成熟时不变红的黄绿色斑:块，这种红与绿相间称为花脸型症状，绿色斑处稍凹陷，致使果面略呈凹凸不平状。

Flower face type: it occurs more seriously in recent years. It is characterized by uneven fruit coloring and many red and yellow green patches on the fruit surface, making the fruit surface flower face. The diseased fruit has no obvious change before coloring. On the coloring surface, there are many yellow green spots which are nearly round and do not change red at maturity. This kind of red and green alternation is called flower face symptom. The green spot is slightly concave, which makes the fruit surface slightly uneven.

2)锈果型：典型症状是在落花后约1个月从萼洼处开始，向梗洼方向放射有5条放射状褐色木栓化锈斑，锈斑处表皮细胞木栓化，停止生长，并导致果面龟裂，畸形果，病斑上有许多纵横小裂纹，后期病斑凹陷，导致病果畸形，病果小而坚硬。红星、元帅、国光、白龙有的呈断续锈斑;国光、印度等病果小而肉质硬，但很甜。

Rust fruit type: the typical symptom is that about one month after flower falling, there are five radial Brown cork rust spots radiating from calyx depression to stem depression. The epidermal cells at the rust spot cork and stop growing, which leads to fruit surface cracking, malformed fruit, many longitudinal and transverse small cracks on the disease spot, and later disease spot depression, leading to malformed fruit, small and hard disease fruit. Red star, marshal, Guoguang and Bailong are sometimes intermittently rusted; Guoguang and India are small, hard and sweet.

3)混合型：病果上表现有锈斑和花脸的复合症状。在果实着色期，病果在着色前萼洼附近产生锈色斑块，着色后在未发生锈斑处留有不着色的黄绿斑块。着色前表现多于果顶部发生明显的锈斑或于果面散生斑块，即为锈果，着色后在未发生锈斑部分或锈斑周围发生不着色的斑块呈花脸状，表现为花脸。

Mixed type: complex symptoms of rust spot and flower face on diseased fruit. During the fruit coloring period, rust patches appeared near the calyx depression before coloring, and yellow green patches remained after coloring. Before coloring, the number of obvious rust spots on the top of the fruit or scattered patches on the surface of the fruit was more than that on the top of the fruit, which was the rust fruit. After coloring, the non colored patches on the parts without rust spots or around the rust spots were flower face, which was the flower face.

4)环斑型：近几年在有些品种上发现，病果面呈现环状斑的着色不均匀症状。

Ringspot type: in recent years, it has been found in some varieties that the color of the diseased fruit surface is uneven.

5)绿点型：高接换头的品种上发现果面散生一些稍显凹陷的浅绿色斑点。

Green spot type: some slightly concave light green spots were found on the fruit surface of the varieties with high grafting and head changing.

3.褐色病斑 | Brown spot

病果表面产生粗糙的褐色木栓化病斑，大小和形状不规则，分布不均匀，有时病斑处果皮裂开，严重的病果畸形,成熟期症状明显。

On the surface of the infected fruit, the rough brown cork lesions appear, with irregular size and shape and uneven distribution. Sometimes, the pericarp cracks at the lesions, and serious deformity of the infected fruit results in obvious symptoms at mature stage

4.小果病 | Small fruit disease

幼果期病果与正常果无明显区别，膨大期由于病果膨大受到明显抑制而使病果明显变小，只有健果大小的1/2或 1/3，病果不着色，收获期仍保持绿色。

There was no significant difference between the diseased fruit and the normal fruit in the young fruit stage, but the diseased fruit was obviously smaller in the expansion stage because the diseased fruit expansion was obviously inhibited, only 1 / 2 or 1 / 3 of the size of the healthy fruit, and the diseased fruit remained green in the harvest stage.

5.绿皱果病 | Green wrinkle disease

病果凹凸不平，果形不正或畸形，有的病果无明显凹陷斑，在凸起或条沟后期凸起或条沟处果皮木栓化，形成粗糙果锈。

The diseased fruit is uneven, irregular or deformed. Some diseased fruits have no obvious concave spots. At the later stage of bulge or furrow, the pericarp is corked to form rough fruit rust.